To do this means that both the clock and data lines must be routed to exact lengths. With memory circuits, the clock pulse will trigger the inputs and outputs of data, and therefore must be timed so that each bit of data arrives and stabilizes before the next clock cycle. The purpose of the clock is to provide timing for the printed circuit board circuitry, and thereby coordinate the activity that is going on within the circuits. A good rule of thumb is to maintain a spacing of 3 times the trace width between clock lines and other routing. Make sure that your clock traces have good clean return paths on the planes, and don’t route them over any plane splits which would ruin the integrity of the return path. Using power and ground layers adjacent to your routing layers to shield your clock lines is also important. You also will want to place your components so that different clock routing doesn’t cross over each other. To reduce the impact of a noisy clock circuit from the rest of the board, it is a good practice to locate clock circuitry towards the center of the PCB as opposed to the edges. These nets are noisy and must be protected, and they must be routed in precise patterns and at specific lengths.
Once your clock circuits are engineered to be at their best operational performance, that work can still be undone if the clock circuits aren’t routed correctly on the printed circuit board. Keeping it Clean with Good Clock Routing Techniques To get trace routing at the right length, serpentine routing patterns will be used The manufacturers of the components that you are using will normally provide the delay values for their devices in the part data sheets, which you can then use for your calculations. There are different reasons for these delays including capacitance in the circuit, differences in operating speed between multiple inputs and outputs, and the operating temperature of the circuit.
By using the different delay parameters of the sequential logic components, you can calculate the maximum clock frequency at which your circuits will generate the best results. Knowing these delay values, which are measured in picoseconds and nanoseconds, is important in ensuring that you have the correct setup and hold times in your logic so the inputs are stable when the clock edge arrives.ĭigital circuitry will usually contain multiple components which when combined together will create sequential circuits. Propagation delay, on the other hand, is the maximum amount of time needed for the output to finish its change in value. Contamination delay is the minimum time required after a change to the input before the output begins its initial change. When a clock signal edge triggers a logic device, the two delays define the amount of time it takes for the outputs to change value. Propagation delay however is also used in combination with “contamination delay” to describe the switching time effects within logic circuits. We will talk more about that in a moment. It is essential that good trace routing techniques are used on a printed circuit board so that the clocks and other signals will arrive simultaneously and work together seamlessly as they are designed to. This is the amount of time that it takes for the signal to travel through a transmission line from the source to the target. On one hand “propagation delay” is what PCB designers deal with in layout when routing traces. There can be some confusion when talking about delay in clock circuits. What is Contamination Delay in Clock Circuits? Let’s take a closer look at what contamination delay in clock circuits is, and how that will affect your PCB layout. Here you will be balancing the amount of time that it will take to register the change in output logic after a change to the input. But when working with clock circuits on your design, there is another version of contamination to deal with that has nothing to do with catching a cold contamination delay. I’m pretty sure that everyone has a very clear idea of what this type of contamination means, especially if you’re at home coughing up a lung while you are reading this. To avoid further sickness, the school now smells like disinfectant as the staff continuously clean chairs, desks, and any other surface that might be contaminated. In fact, there are some school districts that have closed down schools temporarily because so many people are ill. We currently are neck deep in the middle of the cold and flu season, and at our local elementary school there are a lot of children and teachers that are out sick.
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